Communication, Language, Semiotics & Media

The primary research record in Communication, Language, Semiotics & Media is stratified by study design so that meta-analyses and replicated randomised controlled trials (T1–T2) carry greater epistemic weight than observational cohorts (T3–T4) or preclinical laboratory work (T5). Leading graded findings establish the core empirical baseline: [T5] Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin released by many cells. [12] [T5] The present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is the third documented spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans in only two decades that has resulted in a major epidemic. [3]

Further clinical and mechanistic stratification across the literature demonstrates: [T6] Understanding global communications among cells requires accurate representation of cell-cell signaling links and effective systems-level analyses of those links. [2] [T6] Tight control of cell-cell communication is essential for the generation of a normally patterned embryo. [16]

Within the Tree of Knowledge, this field branches into 4 specialised sub-disciplines: Information Theory, Cybernetics & Rhetoric (Claude Shannon's mathematical theory of communication, channel capacity and entropy, Norbert Wiener's cybernetics and feedback loops, and classical and modern rhetoric); Linguistics, Philology & Evolution of Human Language (Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, historical-comparative philology, decipherment of ancient scripts, and evolutionary origins of language); Media Ecology, Marshall McLuhan & Communication Theory (Marshall McLuhan ('the medium is the message', hot and cool media, the Global Village, the tetrad of media laws), Harold Innis (time- vs space-biased media), Walter Ong (orality and literacy), and digital media ecology); Semiotics, Sign Systems & Philosophy of Language (Peircean triadic semiotics (icon, index, symbol), Saussurean structural semiology, Umberto Eco, Roland Barthes, Yuri Lotman's semiosphere, and reference and meaning).

Chronologically, the field evolved through key inflection points: in 1978, Fluorescence probe measurement of the intralysosomal pH in living cells and the perturbation of pH by variou… (A quantitative method is described for the measurement of intralysosomal pH in living cells); in 2007, Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. (Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin released by many cells); in 2013, The hallmarks of aging. (Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death); in 2023, Algorithm for optimized mRNA design improves stability and immunogenicity. (Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are being used to combat the spread of COVID-19 (refs).

Contested and frontier findings currently under investigation include: [T5 · Debated] Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin released by many cells. (Extracted from indexed in vitro literature (2007, 10229 citations).) [T5 · Debated] The present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is the third documented spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans in only two decades that has resulted in a major epidemic. (Extracted from indexed animal literature (2020, 4885 citations).)

Ongoing autonomous research sweeps continue to monitor newly registered clinical trials, preprints, and systematic reviews in Communication, Language, Semiotics & Media to refine subgroup effect sizes and update epistemic grades.